XI UNIT-3 CONCEPTS OF TOURISM (ENGLISH)
1. What is a Tourism System?
- Core Purpose: A tourism system is studied to understand the "what" and "how" of tourism. It involves destinations, tourists, and their activities working together.
- The Destination: The place a tourist chooses to visit because of its attractions.
- UNWTO Definition: The main destination is the place visited that is central to the decision to take the trip.
- Touristic Activities: The activities tourists engage in at the destination (e.g., visiting historic sites, theme parks, etc.).
- The Environment: Tourism activities do not happen in a vacuum. They are constantly influenced by an external environment consisting of political decisions, socio-cultural conditions, and technical updates.
- The person who is active in tourism.
- In Leiper's model diagram, the tourist is referred to as the traveller.
- Traveller Generating Region (TGR): The home region where tourists start their journey, plan their tours, and depart.
- Tourist Destination Region (TDR): The chosen region or place that the tourist has decided to visit.
- Transit Route Region: The territory or path through which travellers travel to get from their home (generating region) to their destination.
- This includes the actual travel period and any places along the way where tourists might stop.
- Leiper's key concept: It is the interval where the traveller feels they have "left their home region but have not yet arrived where they choose to visit."
- In the Transit Zone: Shown in a dark color on the model, businesses here act as travel facilitators (e.g., transport services).
- In the Generating and Destination Regions: Businesses operate here primarily for the purpose of marketing and promotion.
Factor Type | Where it Occurs | What it Does | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Push Factors | Traveller Generating Region (Home) | Motivates the tourist to leave. | Factors at home that make a tourist want to go on a tour. |
Pull Factors | Tourist Destination Region (Destination) | Attracts the tourist to visit. | The attractions at the destination that draw the tourist in. |
- Identifying Drivers: It helps tourism planners identify the specific "push" and "pull" factors driving travel.
- Successful Replication: Once these factors are identified, they can be successfully replicated to develop brand-new tourism generating and destination regions.
Tourism Motivators
Building directly on our previous notes about Leiper's Tourism System, remember how "push factors" in the Traveller Generating Region motivate a person to travel?
These push factors are directly linked to tourism motivators. According to researchers McIntosh, Goeldner, and Ritchie, motivation is defined as the driving force within individuals that impels them to action. They categorize tourism motivations into four main groups:
1. Physical Motivators
What they are: Motivators related to the refreshment of body and mind, health purposes, sport, and pleasure.
Core Goal: To reduce tension.
Student Example: A tourist travelling to a yoga retreat in the mountains to de-stress, or going to a beach resort to relax and swim. These motivators "push" people to destinations where they can participate in physical activities.
2. Cultural Motivators
What they are: Driven by a strong desire to see, learn, and know more about other cultures.
What tourists want to discover:
The lifestyles of local people
Local music, art, dance, and folklore
Student Example: Travelling to Rome to visit historical monuments, or flying to Vienna to attend a classical music concert or a traditional dance recital.
3. Interpersonal Motivators
What they are: Driven by the desire to meet new people, visit friends or relatives (VFR), and seek fresh, different experiences.
Core Goal: Serving as an escape from routine relationships at home/work, or travelling for spiritual reasons.
Student Examples:
Booking a homestay in a new country to experience a local lifestyle and forge new friendships.
Travelling to another city specifically to attend a friend's or relative's wedding.
4. Status and Prestige Motivations
What they are: Driven by the desire for personal development, education, and boosting the personal ego through recognition and attention from others.
What they include:
Continuing one's education
Pursuing specific hobbies in depth
Student Example: Travelling to attend a prestigious academic summer school or an international conference to learn a new skill and earn recognition among peers.
3.4 Barriers to Tourism
Meaning of Barriers to Tourism
Barriers to Tourism are the factors or conditions that discourage or prevent people from travelling or participating in tourism activities.
In simple words:
Motivators push people to travel, whereas barriers stop or discourage people from travelling.
Barriers can be internal (related to the individual) or external (related to the environment, destination or government).
Major Barriers to Tourism
| No. | Barrier | Simple Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lack of Leisure Time | People may be busy with jobs, business, education or family responsibilities and may not get enough time for holidays. |
| 2 | Economic Factor | Tourism requires money. If a person's disposable/discretionary income is low, they may avoid travelling. |
| 3 | Physical Limitations | Poor health, disability, old age, pregnancy or poor physical fitness may restrict travel. |
| 4 | Space/Distance | A destination that is very far away or poorly connected may discourage tourists from visiting. |
| 5 | Family Stage | Family responsibilities, young children, elderly parents or lack of a travel companion can affect travel decisions. |
| 6 | Safety and Security | War, terrorism, political unrest, crime, health risks and negative publicity can make tourists feel unsafe. |
| 7 | Infrastructure | Poor roads, transport, sanitation, electricity, drinking water and overcrowding can discourage tourists. |
| 8 | Political Factors | High taxes, visa restrictions, customs problems and government regulations may create barriers to tourism. |
| 9 | Communication and Technology | Lack of tourism information, poor marketing and language differences can make it difficult for tourists to choose or enjoy a destination. |
| 10 | Lack of Interest | If tourists are not interested in or aware of a destination, they may not choose to visit it. |
1. Lack of Leisure Time
People may not have enough free time because of:
Jobs and business
Education
Family responsibilities
Other personal commitments
Example: A working person may not be able to take a long vacation because of work responsibilities.
2. Economic Factor
Tourism is generally a leisure activity, so people need extra income after meeting their basic needs.
Discretionary income = Income left after paying taxes and essential expenses.
If discretionary income decreases, demand for tourism may also decrease.
3. Physical Limitations
Some people may be unable to travel because of:
Disability
Old age
Poor health
Poor physical fitness
Pregnancy
Proper accessibility and tourist facilities can help reduce this barrier.
4. Space/Distance
The distance and accessibility of a destination influence tourists' choices.
If a destination is very far away and has poor connectivity, tourists may choose a nearer and more accessible destination.
5. Family Stage
Family responsibilities can affect travel decisions.
For example:
Parents with young children may avoid long journeys.
People caring for elderly family members may have limited travel opportunities.
Teenagers usually depend on their parents for travel decisions.
Single travellers may sometimes avoid travelling because they do not have a companion.
6. Safety and Security
Tourists prefer destinations where they feel safe.
Barriers include:
War
Terrorism
Political unrest
Crime
Health emergencies
Negative publicity
Government travel advisories
Example: Disease outbreaks such as SARS and Swine Flu affected international tourism.
7. Infrastructure
Good infrastructure is essential for successful tourism.
Important facilities include:
Roads and local transport
Clean surroundings
Drinking water
Electricity
Sanitation
Well-maintained monuments and buildings
Adequate tourist facilities
Poor infrastructure → Less tourist satisfaction → Lower tourist arrivals
8. Political Factors
Government policies can sometimes discourage tourism.
Examples:
High taxes
Visa restrictions
Customs and immigration difficulties
Restrictions on charter flights
Complicated government regulations
9. Communication and Technology
Technology helps tourists get information about destinations. However, lack of information or marketing can make tourists unaware of a destination.
Language can also be a barrier when tourists cannot communicate easily with local people or tourism service providers.
10. Lack of Interest
Sometimes tourists simply do not have interest in a destination.
This may happen because:
They do not know about the destination.
The destination is not properly promoted.
They do not find the destination attractive or relevant to their interests.
Conclusion
Tourism barriers should be identified and reduced by tourism organisations, governments and destination management agencies so that more people can travel comfortably, safely and conveniently.
Exercise – 2
1. What is meant by tourism motivators?
Answer:
Tourism motivators are the factors that encourage or motivate people to participate in tourism activities and travel to different destinations. In simple words, motivators are the reasons that push people to travel.
2. Name any four barriers to tourism with suitable examples, from your own travel experiences.
Answer:
Four barriers to tourism are:
Lack of Leisure Time:
People may not get enough time for travelling because of jobs, studies or family responsibilities.
Example: I could not go on a long vacation because of my school/college commitments.Economic Factor:
Lack of sufficient money can prevent people from travelling.
Example: I had to cancel a trip because the travel, accommodation and food expenses were too high.Safety and Security:
War, political unrest, crime, terrorism or health risks can discourage people from travelling.
Example: I avoided travelling to a destination because I felt that the place was not safe.Space/Distance:
A destination that is very far away or has poor connectivity may discourage tourists.
Example: I chose a nearby tourist destination instead of a faraway place because transportation was not easily available.
3.0 Forms of Tourism
Meaning of Forms of Tourism
Tourism involves the movement of people within a country or across international borders for different purposes. Tourism is divided into different forms to understand:
the movement of tourists,
the flow of tourism,
the number of visitors,
and the economic impact of tourism activities.
According to the International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 (IRTS 2008) prepared by UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization), there are three basic forms of tourism:
Domestic Tourism
Inbound Tourism
Outbound Tourism
1. Domestic Tourism
Definition
Domestic Tourism refers to the activities of a resident visitor within their own country.
In simple words, when a person travels within his/her own country, it is called domestic tourism.
Example
If a person living in Delhi travels to Goa, Jaipur, Kerala or Mumbai, it is domestic tourism because the person is travelling within India.
Key Point
Resident + Within own country = Domestic Tourism
Features
Takes place within the country.
The tourist is a resident of that country.
No international border is crossed.
It contributes to the country's tourism economy.
Takes place within the country.
The tourist is a resident of that country.
No international border is crossed.
It contributes to the country's tourism economy.
Example:
An Indian resident travelling from Delhi to Rajasthan for a holiday is a domestic tourist.
2. Inbound Tourism
Definition
Inbound Tourism refers to the activities of a non-resident visitor within a country.
In simple words, when a person from another country visits our country, it is called inbound tourism.
Example
If a tourist from France visits India to see the Taj Mahal, Jaipur and Kerala, it is inbound tourism for India.
Key Point
Non-resident + Coming into the country = Inbound Tourism
Features
The visitor comes from another country.
The visitor is a non-resident of the country being visited.
It involves an international trip.
It brings income from foreign tourists and contributes to the country's economy.
The visitor comes from another country.
The visitor is a non-resident of the country being visited.
It involves an international trip.
It brings income from foreign tourists and contributes to the country's economy.
Example:
A tourist from Japan visiting Delhi and Agra is an inbound tourist for India.
3. Outbound Tourism
Definition
Outbound Tourism refers to the activities of a resident visitor outside their own country.
In simple words, when a person travels from their own country to another country, it is called outbound tourism.
Example
If an Indian resident travels to Dubai, France, Singapore or Nepal for tourism, it is outbound tourism for India.
Key Point
Resident + Outside own country = Outbound Tourism
Features
The tourist is a resident of the country.
The tourist travels outside the country.
An international border is crossed.
Spending takes place in the destination country.
The tourist is a resident of the country.
The tourist travels outside the country.
An international border is crossed.
Spending takes place in the destination country.
Example:
An Indian resident travelling to Singapore for a holiday is an outbound tourist for India.
Easy Way to Remember
| Form of Tourism | Who travels? | Where? | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic | Resident | Within own country | Delhi → Goa |
| Inbound | Non-resident | Into another country | France → India |
| Outbound | Resident | Outside own country | India → Dubai |
Shortcut:
Domestic = Inside
Inbound = Coming In
Outbound = Going Out
Combined Categories of Tourism
The three basic forms of tourism can also be combined to understand the overall movement of tourists and its economic impact.
There are three combined categories:
Internal Tourism
National Tourism
International Tourism
1. Internal Tourism
Definition
Internal Tourism comprises Domestic Tourism + Inbound Tourism.
It includes the activities of both resident and non-resident visitors within the country.
Formula
Internal Tourism = Domestic Tourism + Inbound Tourism
Example
In India:
An Indian resident travelling from Delhi to Kerala → Domestic Tourism
A French tourist visiting India → Inbound Tourism
Both are included in Internal Tourism because both tourists are travelling within India.
Easy Meaning
Internal Tourism = All tourism activities taking place inside the country.
Key Point
It includes:
Residents travelling within the country
Foreign visitors travelling within the country
2. National Tourism
Definition
National Tourism comprises Domestic Tourism + Outbound Tourism.
It includes the tourism activities of residents of a country, whether they travel within their own country or outside it.
Formula
National Tourism = Domestic Tourism + Outbound Tourism
Example
For India:
An Indian resident travelling Delhi → Goa → Domestic Tourism
An Indian resident travelling India → Thailand → Outbound Tourism
Both are part of National Tourism because both travellers are Indian residents.
Easy Meaning
National Tourism = Tourism activities of the residents of a country, both inside and outside the country.
Key Point
It focuses on residents, not on whether the destination is inside or outside the country.
3. International Tourism
Definition
International Tourism comprises Inbound Tourism + Outbound Tourism.
It involves tourism activities where an international border is crossed.
Formula
International Tourism = Inbound Tourism + Outbound Tourism
Example
A tourist from France visiting India → Inbound Tourism
An Indian tourist travelling to France → Outbound Tourism
A tourist from France visiting India → Inbound Tourism
An Indian tourist travelling to France → Outbound Tourism
Both are forms of International Tourism because they involve travel between countries.
Easy Meaning
International Tourism = Tourism involving travel between different countries.
Comparison of Combined Categories
| Category | Combination | Simple Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internal Tourism | Domestic + Inbound | Tourism within the country | Indian + foreign tourists travelling in India |
| National Tourism | Domestic + Outbound | Tourism by residents of a country | Indians travelling within India and abroad |
| International Tourism | Inbound + Outbound | Tourism involving different countries | Foreigners visiting India + Indians going abroad |
Complete Concept at a Glance
FORMS OF TOURISM
│
┌────────────────┼────────────────┐
│ │ │
Domestic Inbound Outbound
Tourism Tourism Tourism
│ │ │
Resident Non-resident Resident
Within Within Outside
country country country
│ │ │
└───────┬────────┘ │
↓ │
Internal Tourism │
Domestic + Inbound │
│
Domestic Tourism ───────────────┐ │
↓ │
National Tourism │
Domestic + Outbound │
│
Inbound Tourism ─────────────────┐ │
↓ │
International │
Tourism │
Inbound + Outbound │
FORMS OF TOURISM
│
┌────────────────┼────────────────┐
│ │ │
Domestic Inbound Outbound
Tourism Tourism Tourism
│ │ │
Resident Non-resident Resident
Within Within Outside
country country country
│ │ │
└───────┬────────┘ │
↓ │
Internal Tourism │
Domestic + Inbound │
│
Domestic Tourism ───────────────┐ │
↓ │
National Tourism │
Domestic + Outbound │
│
Inbound Tourism ─────────────────┐ │
↓ │
International │
Tourism │
Inbound + Outbound │Important Formulas for Examination
1. Internal Tourism = Domestic Tourism + Inbound Tourism
2. National Tourism = Domestic Tourism + Outbound Tourism
3. International Tourism = Inbound Tourism + Outbound Tourism
One-Line Revision
Domestic: Resident travelling within the country.
Inbound: Non-resident travelling into the country.
Outbound: Resident travelling outside the country.
Internal: Domestic + Inbound.
National: Domestic + Outbound.
International: Inbound + Outbound.
Domestic: Resident travelling within the country.
Inbound: Non-resident travelling into the country.
Outbound: Resident travelling outside the country.
Internal: Domestic + Inbound.
National: Domestic + Outbound.
International: Inbound + Outbound.
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